1976-1990 | 1991-1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003-2004

Ahlbäck, Pia Maria, 'Energy, Heterotopia, Dystopia: George Orwell, Michel Foucault and the 20th. C. Environmental Imagination', Ph.D. Åbo Akad., Dept. of English, 2002 Abstract: The study examines how the image of the environment - 'The Environment' - came to be formed in certain influential texts and discourses in the Western world throughout the previous century. The textual corpus of George Orwell has formed the main site for the study. By contextualising the Orwellian corpus within some central twentieth century discourses on the environment and by making critical use of Foucault's comcept of heterotopia or 'other spaces' therein, it is shown that Orwell registered and gave increasing expression to this shift in environmental consciousness from the 1930s onwards. Keywords: energy, the literary imagination, landscape, space, place, heterotopia, utopia/dystopia, environment, nature, imagology, George Orwell, Michel Foucault, 1920-1980s

Åkerberg, Sofia, 'Nature tamed - not with a fist, but whit a smile: Djurparksnatur i London och Prag', Naturen som brytpunkt: Om miljöfrågans mystifieringar, konflikter och motsägelser, Stockholm/Stehag: Brutus Östlings bokförlag Symposion, 2002 , 275-297 pp. Abstract: Abstract: A comparison of the construction of the animals natural habitat at London Zoo and at Prags Zoologická Zahrada. Keywords: zoo, nature

Bakker, Piet, 'Stinzenplanten en inburgering van vreemdelingen', 'Vreemdelingen in de natuur.' Jaarboek voor Ecologische Geschiedenis 2000, Gent: Academia Press, 2002 , pp. 49-58 Abstract: 'Stinsen plants' are alien plants that were introduced after 1780 and never spread beyond special environments created by man, such as landscape parks and gardens near castles (some in Friesland are called 'stins', hence their name), country estates, old farmyards and parish gardens. This article describes the origin, distribution and naturalisation of this particular group of plants. Taking the plants as a starting point, the author provides a general introductory survey of the terminology regarding alien species as used by scientists and policy makers. English Title: 'Native plants and established aliens' Keywords: Alien plants, species history

Bergmeier, Monika, Umweltgeschichte der Boomjahre 1949-1973: Das Beispiel Bayern, Muenster: Waxmann, 2002 Abstract: English title: Environmental History of the Boom Years 1949-1973: The Case of Bavaria
Abstract: The German economic miracle and boom years from 1949-1973 had an intense impact on the environment. This study looks at Bavaria, how environmental burdens were perceived and valued, and which environmental conflicts were in the foreground. The focus of this study is on the attitude of politicians, bureaucrats and the public. This work shows that development were already discussed back then, but were not successful. The conclusion of this work is that the environmental history of these years is not a history of the absence of environmental consciousness, but rather of an intentionally supressed ecological politic. Keywords: environmental policy, environmental movement, Germany, Bavaria

Cioc, Mark, The Rhine. An eco-biography, 1815-2000 , Seattle & London: University of Washington Press, 2002 Keywords: water pollution, Rhine, Germany, France, Netherlands

Crook, Darren et al, 'Forestry and flooding in the Annecy Petit Lac Basin, 1730-2000', Environment and History, 2002 , 8(4), pp. 403-428 Abstract: Upland environments are particularly vulnerable to the stresses of climate change. The strength and persistence of such forces are not easy to measure and hence comparison of climate impacts with anthropogenic impacts has remained problematic. This paper attempts to demonstrate the nature of human impact on forest cover and flooding in the Annecy Petit Lac Catchment in pre-Alpine Haute Savoie, France, between 1730 and 2000. Local documentary sources provided a detailed history of forest cover and management making it possible to plot changes in forest cover against local and regional climate records, and their individual and combined impacts on flooding. A main period of large-scale, uniform and rapid deforestation in the catchment was identified in the early nineteenth century, but sub-catchment patterns of reforestation and regeneration have varied up to the present. The period of deforestation was accompanied by demographic expansion and regional scale exogen!
ous forces, such as small scale industrial development, foreign occupation, war, promulgation and laws, acting alongside local scale endogenous forces and land fragmentation, agricultural crisis, and the desire for pasture. These all produced conflict between individual needs and those of communities and resulted in localised changes in forest cover. Joint phases of deforestation and flooding are more evident in individual second order tributaries than the whole catchment, but there appears to be no obvious or simple causal link between forest cover change, climate anomalies and flooding. Keywords: Haute-Savoie, forestry, flooding, 1730-2000

Dam, Barbara C. van, 'Vreemde eiken in het bos', 'Vreemdelingen in de natuur.' Jaarboek voor Ecologische Geschiedenis 2000, Gent: Academia Press, 2002 , pp. 37-48 Abstract: English Title: 'Non-native oaks in the forest' Oaks survived the last Ice Age in Southern Europe. In the Netherlands the first oaks established themselves about 9,000 years ago. Their history can be traced from the current geographical distribution of descendency lines of Pedunculate and Sessile Oaks. Native oaks in the Netherlands originate from oaks that grew in Spain and Italy during the last Ice Age. Descendants of the Balkan line also occur in the Netherlands, but they were imported by man, so in principle they are aliens in the Dutch forests. DNA-research (on genetic patterns) shows that the diversity within forests is very wide and that no distinction can be made between natural, indigenous forests and planted forests. Remarkably, trees that belong to various descendency lines, do not differ in a number of morphological characteristics derived from forestry. The conclusion is that descendency lines exchange genetic material, as a result of which the correlation between descendency lines (determining the genotype) and morphological characteristics (the phenotype) disappears. Individual oaks can grow very old and survive under a variety of circumstances, because the oak adapts rapidly to changes in habitat and frequently reproduces a great number of very diverse descendants. The spectre of diversity of genetic material of oaks could be preserved by maintaining a number of small forests, which can exchange genetic material and rejuvenate themselves regularly. Keywords: trees, forest history, veteran trees

Dam, Petra J. E. M. van, 'New Habitats for the Rabbit in Northern-Europe, 1300-1600', Inventing Medieval Landscapes: Senses of Place in Wester Europe, Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002 , 57-69 pp. Abstract: Abstract: This essay focuses on the history of rabbit and landscape in northern Europe, in particular in Holland. How and Why did the rabbit spread? What role did landscape changes play in this process? Comparisons are drawn with the squirrel in eastern Europe, shich had a similar function as fur provider. Conclusions are that humans changed landscape in such a way, in particular in rabbit warrens, but also outside those as a result of agriculture, drainage and hunting, that northerna Europe became a much more hospitable environment for rabbits, yet human agency was much stronger in the north than in the south. Keywords: rabbit, Holland, sand dunes, middle age, terrestial system

Dam, Petra van, 'De rol van de Warande. Geschiedenis van de inburgering van het konijn', 'Vreemdelingen in de natuur.' Jaarboek voor Ecologische Geschiedenis 2000, Gent: Academia Press, 2002 , pp. 59-84 Abstract: English Title: 'The role of the warren. History of the naturalisation of the common rabbit'. The rabbit was introduced in the Netherlands at the end of the Middle Ages. Initially it enjoyed a high status and both its fur and meat were reserved for the nobility only. Later it became a consumer article for the middle classes. The rabbit spread through warrens, from whence it became feral and developed into a plague for agriculture. The success of the rabbit may be explained in terms of biological characteristics as well as human influence. The foundation of warrens played an important role. Here the rabbit was protected against predators and fed, which was essential for its survival during harsh winters. In the warrens rabbits were selected for size for the purpose of commercial hunting, which probably changed the genetic pattern of the rabbit. This may explain why rabbits in Northern Europe are bigger than in Southern Europe, where they can survive without human interference due to the mild climate. Essential for the success of the feral rabbit was the fact that man changed the landscape over time through the expansion of agriculture, which created a habitat better suited to the rabbit. Keywords: Rabbit, species history

Davies, T. D., A.E.J. Ogilvie, and K.R. Briffa, Climate and Climatic Impacts through the last 1000 Years, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, 2002 Keywords: climate, history

Duit, Andreas, 'Tragedins institutioner: Svenskt offentligt miljöskydd under trettio år', Ph.D. University of Stockholm, 2002 Abstract: English title: Institutions of tragedy: Swedish environmental protection during thirty years
Abstract: Departing from the notion of environmental degradation as a result of problems of collective action, this study aims to explore the institutionalisation of the Swedish environmental protection. By applying theoretical concepts gathered from different brands of neo-institutional theory on periods of institutional creation, stability and change in the history of Swedish institutions for environmental protection (roughly 1968-1998), the study seeks to better understand the processes by which institutions are spawned, upheld and finally reformed on the national arena. Among the conclusions is that no single institutional theory is capable of fully explaining the development of institutions on its own, since processes by which institutions evolve are characterised by a complex and to a certain extent sequential interaction of factors emphasised by each theory respectively. The results of the study raises concerns about the ability of Swedish institutions for environmental protection to address second-generation environmental problems. Keywords: institutional theory, environmental protection, Sweden, environmental politics

Eliasson, Per, 'Skog, makt och människor: en miljöhistoria om svensk skog 1800-1875', PhD University of Lund, 2002 Abstract: English title: The Introduction of Silviculture in Sweden.
Abstract: This dissertation investigate how and why silviculture was introduced in Sweden in the 19th century and the consequences of this introduction during the same period. The term silviculture refers to the systematic cultivation of high forest, a method that spread from Germany at the end of the 18th century. The consequences referred to are the changes in nature and the social conflicts that followed with silviculture, as well as the new values associated with forests and the utilisation of forests. The study connects to research that regards competition over land usage between food production and forest production as a reason for substitution an specialisation. The most significant conclusions are that the introduction of silviculture had a clear association with the increasing natural resource problems of the agricultural society; that it demanded changes in the system of distribution; and that older value systems regarding trees and forests were changed only very slowly. Keywords: Sweden, silviculture, science of forestry

Eliasson, Per and Nilsson, Sven G., ''You Should Hate Young Oaks and Young Noblemen': The Environmental History of Oaks in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth Century Sweden', Environmental History, 2002 , 7(4), 659-677 pp. Abstract: Abstract: The oak was especially important in the economies of preindustrial Europe. Oak stands declined sharply during the eighteenth century and nineteenth century. The history of oak stands in Sweden suggests that the burning of wood was only one factor in deforestation. In Sweden, oaks became the focus of a bitter struggle between the state and the peasantry. Oak timber was essential in the construction of naval ships. For the peasants, however, oaks were obstacles to agricultural improvement. The battle between navy and peasantry over oak trees was not only a matter of ownership rights and timber value, but also the oak's ecological role in damaging crops in the village tillage and meadows. The struggle led to extensive branch-cutting to reduce leaf mass, an to an oak-hatred embodied in the deliberate destruction of royal oaks. The result was first a rapid reduction in the number of trees fit for navy's use, an in the end a professional, state-run, oak forestry system, separate from agrarian producation was developed. One conclusion of this is that in Sweden, state forestry, has its roots, not in the industrial deforestation of the late nineteenth century, but in a pre-industrial society's effort to escape the limitations of nature. Keywords: oak, forest history

Eliasson, Per ed., Miljön har en historia från Skanör till Kiruna, Malmö: Teacher Education, Malmö University, 2002 Abstract: English title: The Environment has a History from Skanör to Kiruna
Abstract: A book about the Swedish environmental history and its role within elementary and secondary school education. Keywords: environmental history, didactic, Sweden

Elvin, Mark Crook Darren & Ji Shen et al., 'The Impact of Clearance and Irrigation on the Environment in the Lake Erhai Catchment', East Asian History, 2002 , 23, pp. 1-60 Abstract: Differences in micro-environments defined by geology, geomorphology, and hydrology led to major differences in the nature of the environmental problems created by economic development in the Erhai catchment in southwestern China during the premodernperiod. In particular we show that the second half of the eighteenth century was the critical period for the onset of rapidenvironmental degradation in the northern part of the catchment. Keywords: Yunnan Province, PDR China, clearance and irrigation, 9th to 19th centuries, Environmental impact, Microvariation

Fowler, John, Landscapes and lives. The Scottish forest through the ages, Edinburgh: Canongate, 2002 Keywords: Scotland, Forest history, woodlands, landscape, Forestry Commission

Friman, Eva, 'No Limits: The 20th Century Discourse of Economic Growth', Ph.D. University of Umeå, Sweden, 2002 Abstract: Abstract: The breakthrough of the concept of economic growth in economics mark a paradigm shift in thinking about the economy and its place in 'reality'. This thesis analyzes the twentieth century discourse of economic growth, focusing its unlimited connotations. The thesis consists of four case studies. Keywords: economic growth, environmental economics, Sweden, history of economics, ecomodernism

Glen, Ann, The Cairngorm Gateway, Dalkeith: Scottish Cultural Press, 2002 Abstract: Abstract: This book explores the developments of the past 200-300 years in the Cairngorm region, one of Scotland's major tourist areas. The Jacobite Rising, the coming of railways, World Wars I & II, the impact of skiing and tourism, as well as plans for the future are studied. Keywords: Scotland, Cairngorm, history

Gonzalez de Molina, Manuel, 'Environmental Constaints on Agricultural Growth in the 19th Century, Granada (Southern Spain)', Ecological Economics, 2002 , 42(2), pp. 257-270 Abstract: Historians and economist have been unaware of environmental constraints and they have considered the low yield per hectare of the main cereals to be an indication of the relative backwardness of Southern Spain agriculture. This paper proposes a metholodogy of analysis that integrates enviromental and economic variables to explain the differences in crop productivity between Southern Spain and Northern Europe in the 19th century. Here, the relative backwardness will be explained not only by deficiencies in productivity, capital investment or diffesion of new technology, but principally byt the comparative ecological disadvantages that areas such as Andalucia had in comparison with Northern Europe, if an agricultural growth based on cereals was to be chosen. Keywords: ecological growth, ecological limits, Agroecosystems, Andalucia, Spain

Hamblin, Jacob Darwin, 'Environmental Diplomacy in the Cold War: The Disposal of Radioactive Waste at Sea during the 1960s', International History Review, 2002 , 24(2), pp. 348-375 Abstract: This article examines the practice of dumping radioactive waste at sea during the 1960s by countries in Europe and North America, with special attention to the activities of the United Kingdom and other countries in Europe.It focuses attention on the diplomatic initiatives against dumping by the Soviet Union, the British efforts to diffuse criticism, the scientific controversies over safety, and the creation of a broad base of political support for disposing of radioactive waste at sea. Keywords: United Kingdom, atomic energy, radioactive waste, oceanography, European Nuclear Energy Agency

Hedrén, Johan ed., Naturen som brytpunkt: Om miljöfrågans mystifieringar, konflikter och motsägelser, Stockholm//Stehag: Brutus Östlings förlag Symposion, 2002 Abstract: English title: Nature as an Diverging Point: Issues about the Environmental Question, its Mystifications, Conflicts and Contradictions
Abstract: This book presents different essays about the conflicts, the ideas, the politics and the social strategies that has developed about nature and environment in Sweden. The period in focus is the 1990s, but also historical, as well as international, comparisons are made. The authors come from different universities in Sweden. Keywords: environmental problems, environmental politics, Sweden

Hermansson, Camilla, 'Det återvunna folkhemmet: Tevejournalistik och miljöpolitik i Sverige 1987-1998', Ph.D. University of Linköping, 2002 Abstract: English title: The Peoples home Recycled: Television journalism and Environmental Politics in Sweden, 1987-1998.
Abstract: This study is an analysis of how television journalism, specifically Swedish public television (SVT) and the commercial channel TV4, have apporached environmental, consumption and lifestyle issues from 1987 to 1998. A central issue considered is how television journalism has contributed to an ideological change in society whereby ecological considerations have become individualized, as well as reformulated and re-framed such that they are no longer (or not) regarded as a hinder to technical and economic progress. An overarching ambition of this thesis is to examine how a consumtion-oriented environmental discourse has been communicated in television news. Four themes are explored, covering media depiction of recycling, consumer durables, environmental politics and automobile use. This study concludes that television news stories are co-creator of building a "green people's home" in Sweden together with formal politics. Keywords: television, Sweden, environment, politics, recycling, consumption, journalism

Hiller, Olaf Zutz Axel et. al., 'Die Landschaftsdiagnose der DDR : Zeitgeschichte und Wirkung eines Forschungsprojekts aus der Grundungsphase der DDR', Materialien zur Geschichte der Gartenkunst, Berlin: Olaf Hiller (Hrsg.), 2002 , 322 pp., 86 Ill Abstract: English Title: 'Landscapediagnosis of the GDR'.
Abastract: The unification of the two German states after the falling of the Berlin Wall was followed
by intensive debates on the recent history of academic research and its political
conditioning within the divided nation.
This book presents the proceedings of a workshop held on November 15th and 16th 1996
at the Department for Environmental Management at the Faculty "Environment and
Society" of the Technical University of Berlin. The meeting was devoted to the
"Landschaftsdiagnose", a controversial research project in the initial stages of the East
German "German Democratic Republic":
Following a brief experimental phase, Frank Erich Carl and Reinhold Lingner, two
professionally outstanding landscape architects with an antifascist biography, were able
to launch 1950 this ambitious research scheme. Its aim was to establish a nation (East
Germany)? wide large scale system of environmental monitoring including forest cover,
soil erosion, surface water quality and air quality. Some 90 scientists representing
different academic disciplines were involved. Each of the five work teams, being
occupied with a certain territorial segment of the GDR (equivalent to a federal state in
West Germany) was headed by a landscape architect/planner. The fact that these five had
been enthusiastic planners ("Landschaftsanw?lte?), being involved in the design and
greening of the Reichs-Autobahnen (dual carriage highways) of the Third Empire, was
one reason for suspicions of the State Security Organs (just in the early stage of
institutionalisation), leading to the interruption of the project. The fear, that informations
on the state of the environment might be of strategic importance for the West (the Cold
War had just started and Stalin was still alive) was the second reason to prevent the
continuation of the scheme.
Besides reconstructing the details related to the organisation, procedure and activities of
the project, discussions concentrated on a range of questions such as:
* The international setting of the project: To which extent is it justified to speak of a
genuinely East German research effort, being rather unique in comparison to the
Soviet Union or the United States, let alone the war-torn European states? Or should
the "Landschaftsdiagnose" rather be interpreted as a specific East German
manifestation of a global wave of sensitivity for resource depletion which may be
served between the Thirties and the mid of the last century?
* The personal motivation of Carl and Lingner to pursue such kind of work: How valid
is the provocative assumption of a pre-rational, rather emotionally based motive
being stimulated by the idealisation of a pre-industrial harmonious cultural landscape?
* What made the East German political leadership accept or even support such kind of
research in the beginning stage of the first five-year plan?
* How far did this project, whose nature, size and results remained almost unknown in
the West, influence later environmental research within East Germany?
* What is the documentary value of the project?s results for ongoing research in this
field?
The workshop owed its unusual ambiente to the fact, that a number of senior scientists
who had been actively involved in the research scheme were able to contribute as eye
witnesses, recalling their personal memories. Keywords: Landschaftsdiagnose, DDR, East Germany, Stalin-Plan, Landschaftsanwalte, Reinhold Lingner

Huerlimann, Katja, '«Holznot» und «Kiesmangel»? Ressourcenmanagement im Kanton Zug vom Mittelalter bis heute ', Zug erkunden. Bildessays und historische Beitr? zu 16 Zuger Schaupl?en , Zug: Staatsarchiv Zug , 2002 , 232-255 Abstract: : «Wood scarcity» and «gravel scarcity»? Resource management in the canton Zug from the Middle Ages until today. Keywords: Switzerland, forest history, wood scarcity, Kanton Zug

Jansen, Sarah, ''Den Heringen einen Pa?ausstellen?: Formalisierung und Genauigkeit in den Anf?en der Populations?ogie um 1900 ', Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte , 2002 , 25, 153-169 Abstract: Overfishing, fisheries, population

Johansson, Elisabeth, 'Constructed Wetlands and Deconstructed Discourses: Greenhouse gas fluxes and discourse on purifying capacities', Ph.D. Linköping University, 2002 Abstract: Abstract: This is a study within the sciences of constructed wetlands. It has two sections. Section one is a natural scientific study of gas fluxes from constructed wetlands and section two is an analysis of how natural sciences describe constructed wetlands. Keywords: constructed wetland, gas fluxes, scientific ideals

Kander, Astrid, 'Economic Growth, Energy Consumption and CO2 emissions in Sweden, 1800-2000', Ph.D. Lund University, 2002 Abstract: Abstract: This thesis analyzes the interrelations of growth, energy and CO2 in Sweden 1800-2000, using standard calculations, relative price analyses and energy quality factors, to determine the relative effects of structural and technical changes, including changes in energy carrier composition. The main result is a long-term delinking of energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth. Between 1870 and 1970 the most spectacular energy savings took place in transportation & communications and industry. The most rapid relative decline in energy intensity took place between 1970 and 2000, a period in which structural changes at sector level no longer worked to increase energy intensity and the new growth direction of the third industrial revolution saved energy in relation to output. Over the period 1800-2000 CO2 emissions and sequestration by Swedish forests were of a magnitude well in parity with emissions from fossil fuels. Furthermore, the idea that firewood caused net CO2 emissions in the period is questionable from a dynamic perspective, because the demand for thin timber dimensions stimulated rational forestry. Keywords: energy intensity, CO2 intensity, forest management, growth, technical change, Sweden

Kjærgaard, Thorkild, 'Det danske landskabs historie fra istiden til år 2000. En kort historie', Fortid og Nutid, 2002 (4), 298-305 Abstract: English Title: 'The Danish Landscape from Ice Age to 2000 A.D. -A brief History'.

Kooistra, Laura I., 'Vreemdelingen in de Nederlandse flora? De tijd zal het leren', Jaarboek voor Ecologische Geschiedenis. Vreemdelingen in de Natuur?, Gent: Academai Press, 2002 , pp. 1-14 Abstract: English Title: 'Aliens in the Dutch flora? Time will tell' Paleobotanical research (on pollen, seeds, fruits and wood) indicates that the timescale determines whether the designation 'alien' is applicable to Dutch plants. Factors influencing the flora are climatic changes, the landscape, the flora itself, the fauna and man. The results of archaeological research on seeds and fruits are collected and stored in the national archaeobotanical database RADAR. When the records are classified by age, it is notable that especially plants of wet meadows spread from the Iron Age (800 BC) onwards. After this period deforestation became stronger, and the resulting open landscape presumably improved migration opportunities for field weedss, including field weeds. Apparently, man promoted the natural migration of meadow plants. Many pioneers, particularly field plants, were introduced by man, be it inadvertently. The introduction of field plants started more than seven thousand years ago, when the first peasants settled in the Netherlands. They brought grain with them for cultivation, carrying with it the seeds of field plants. These examples from paleobotany demonstrate that concepts such as 'alien' or 'indigenous' are difficult to define, since the flora changed over time due to a number of factors, one of them being man. Keywords: Alien species, species history, forest history, rabbits, birds, historical ecology

Lambert, Robert A., 'The Grey Seal in Britain: a twentieth century history of a nature conservation success', Environment and History, 2002 , 8(4), 449-474 pp. Abstract: Abstract : Article examines the complex history of the grey seal problem in Britain since 1914. The essay is broad based to show how the problem has been a political, environmental, social, cultural, economic and animal welfare issue. The study illustrates the value of an historical perspective in assessing the different strands of contemporary debate as to the wisdom and content of consciously managing a large mammal population. Keywords: Great Britain, environment, grey seals, animals, nature conservation, fishing

Lensink, Rob, 'Vreemde vogels gedragen zich voorspelbaar', 'Vreemdelingen in de natuur.' Jaarboek voor Ecologische Geschiedenis 2000, Gent: Academia Press, 2002 , pp. 85-94 Abstract: English Title: 'Predictable behaviour of exotic birds'. Many bird species occur outside their natural area of distribution through intentional or unintentional human interference. Successful exotic birds increase in numbers and their dispersal becomes wider. Among native species, too, increase in numbers may go hand in hand with wider dispersal. For both groups of species, the colonisation of unoccupied territories evolves at a certain rate that is connected with characteristics of the species, such as reproduction, survival and dispersal. Since a few years mathematical models are available with which the rate of dispersal can be predicted. This contribution compares the rate of dispersal as observed in the field with the rate as predicted by one of the models. When the three mentioned parameters are measured at the front of colonisation, there is a striking similarity between the observed and the predicted rates: exotic birds behave predictably. Keywords: Birds, Species History

Lindmark, Magnus, 'An EKC-pattern in historical perspective: carbon dioxide emissions, technology, fuel prices and growth in Sweden 1870-1997', Ecological Economics, 2002 , 42(1), 333-347 pp. Abstract: Abstract: The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) has been subject to research and debate since the early 1990s. This article examines the inverted U trajectory of Swedish CO2 Emissions during an extended time period beginning in 1870. The basis for the investigation is a structural time series approach that utilizes a stochastic trend as an indicator of technological and structural change, and GDP growth and changes in the price of fuel and cement price as independant variables. The result suggests that the period 1920-1960, with high, sustained growth rates was associated with less technological and structural changes relating to CO2 emissions than periods with lower growth rates, such as the late 1800s and the post-1970 period. Furthermore, it is suggested that time-specific technological clusters may effect EKC patterns. Keywords: environmental Kuznets Curve, environmental history, economic history, carbon dioxide emissions

Lisberg Jensen, Ebba, 'Som man ropar i skogen: Modernitet, makt och mångfald i kampen om Njakafjäll och i den svenska skogsbruksdebatten 1970-2000', Ph.D. Lund University, 2002 Abstract: English title: Modernity, Power and Diversity in the fight about Njakafjäll and in the Swedish forestry debate, 1970-2000
Abstract: In this dissertation the Swedish forestry debate during the last three decades of the twentieth century is analysed. The contents, values and underlying assumptions of the debate are investigated from a discoursive point of view. Modernity's focus on uniformity, order and culturisation of nature are contrasted to the ideals of the environmental movement. In the central case study the fight between environmentalists and forest owners in Njakafjäll, is described and discussed. This case demonstrates a lot of features of the general forestry debate, such as development ideology, conflicts between local and global interests, the use of the concept of biodiversity and the new strategies of the environmental movements. These new strategies and cooperation between are analysed as expressions of the so called ecological modernisation. Keywords: forestry policy, human ecology, Sweden

Lundgren, Lars J., Nordlund, Christer, and Storbjörk, Sofia eds., Miljöns mänskliga dimension: En studie av humanistisk och samhällvetenskaplig miljöforskning , Stockholm: Vetenskapsrådet, 2002 Abstract: English title: The Environments Human Dimension: A Study of the Environmental Research within the Humanities and Social Sciences.
Abstract: A survey and analysis of the environmental research within the human sciences, its direction, intentions, and prerequisites. Comparisons are made with other countries, foremost Denmark and Norway. Keywords: environmental research, Sweden,

Maes, Bert & Brinkkemper Otto, 'Autochtone bomen en struike. Een historisch-ecologische benadering.', 'Vreemdelingen in de natuur.' Jaarboek voor Ecologische Geschiedenis 2000, Gent: Academia Press, 2002 , pp. 15-36 Abstract: English Title: 'Indigenous trees and shrubs, a historical-ecological approach'. This contribution gives a survey of the research on indigenous trees and shrubs in the Netherlands and Flanders. Maes has developed a method to recognise and describe authochthonous trees and shrubs in the field. Besides useful criteria pertaining to the individual tree or shrub and its habitat, historical and archaeobotanical information turn out to be very significant. Brinkkemper is a specialist on both these latter subjects. The article focuses on the history and importance of indigenous gene material and its protection and preservation. The authors urge that the existing sources of indigenous genes be preserved and that indigenous plant material be used in the afforestation of nature protection areas and their surroundings. Keywords: Species history, alien species, trees, shrubs, historical ecology

Mårald, Erland, 'Everthing Circulates: Agricultural Chemistry and Recycling Theories in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century', Environment and History, 2002 , 8(1), 65-84 pp. Abstract: Abstract: This paper analysis the arguments in favour of recycling put forth by agricultural chemists in the mid nineteenth century. In this context the study emphasis how agricultural chemical theories, mainly developed by Justus Liebig, were connected to larger issues outside the scientific domain. The study also investigates how agricultural chemists argued for different kinds of recycling systems in a more practical way. By way of conclusion, some reasons for the ultimate abandonment of the recycling discourse at the end of the nineteenth century will be discussed. Keywords: agricultural chemistry, recycling

Mårald, Erland, Giftfabriken som sprängdes: BT Kemi-skandalen och miljöbrottsbegreppets etablering, Stockholm: BRÅ//Fritze, 2002 Abstract: English title: A Poison Factory Demolished: The BT Kemi scandal and the Establishment of the Environmental Crime Concept Keywords: environmental crime

Mårald, Erland, 'Mellan teori och praktik: Framväxten av agrikulturkemin i Sverige 1850-1900', Dansk landbrugskemi i historisk perspektiv 1750-1930, Copenhagen: Dansk Selskab for Historisk Kemi, 2002 , 187-208 pp. Abstract: English title: Between Theory and Practice: The Introduction of Agricultural Chemistry in Sweden 1850-1900 Keywords: angriculture, chemistry, Sweden

Mårald, Erland and Modig, Torsten, 'Stad och Land: Kretsloppsanpassat avlopp - då, nu och i framtiden', Vatten, 2002 , 58(1), 33-43 pp. Abstract: English title: The city and the Countryside: Recycling Sewage Systems - Past, Present and Future
Abstract: This paper analyses the history of recycling from the mid-nineteenth century to the present "recycling society". New chemical and sanitary theories made the recycling idea boom in the 1850s and during the second half of the century major tests were made with closets separating urine and faecec, factories for extracted faecec and sewage systems for excrement. This systems were replaced by outlets during the twentieth century. To solve growing problems of water-pollution sewage systems and sewage-treatment plants were set up in the 1950s and 1960s. However, recycling was not considered. The paper ends with a presentation of new recycling technology, and which can be seen to break away form earlier years "path-dependency". Keywords: recycling, history, sewage systems, path-dependency

Markowitz, Gerald & Rosner David, Deceit and Denial: The Deadly Politics of Industrial Pollution, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002 Abstract: Abstract: Deceit and Denial details the attempts by the chemical and lead industries to deceive Americans about the dangers that their deadly products present to workers, the public, and consumers. Gerald Markowitz and David Rosner pursued evidence steadily and relentlessly, interviewed the important players, investigated untapped sources, and uncovered a bruising story of cynical and cruel disregard
for health and human rights. This resulting expose is full of startling revelations, provocative arguments, and disturbing conclusions--all based on remarkable research and information gleaned from secret
industry documents. Keywords: United States, pollution, lead poisoning, plastics, twentieth century, Europe, vinyl chloride, 1970s, Maltoni, ICI

Massard-Guilbaud, Genevieve, 'The Urban catastrophe: Challenge to the social, economic, and cultural order of the city ', Cities and Catastrophes: Coping with the Emergency in European History. Villes et catstrophes. Réactions face à l¹urgence dans l¹histoire européenne, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Verlag, 2002 Keywords: cities, catastrophes, Europe and European colonies

Massard-Guilbaud, Genevieve Bernhardt Ch. eds., Le démon moderne. La pollution dans les sociétés urbaines et industrielles d'Europe / The modern Demon. Pollution in Urban and Industrial European Societies, Clermont-Ferrand, Presses de l¹UBP, 2002 Keywords: pollution, Europe, 19th and 20th centuries

Moore, Jason W., 'The Crisis of Feudalism: An Environmental History', Organization & Environment, 2002 , 15(3), 301-322 pp. Abstract: Abstract: Environmental history may help explain the demise of feudalism and the ascent of capitalism in the 16th century. Medieval Europe was riven by profound socioecological contradictions. Feudalisms environmental degradation pivoted on the lord-peasant relation, limiting the possibilities for reinvestment in the land. Consequently, feudalism exhausted the soil and the labor power from which it derived revenues, rendering the population vulnerable to disease. The Black Death decisively altered labor-land ratios in favor of western Europe peasantry. This new balance of class forces eliminated the possibility of feudal restoration and led the states, landlords and merchants to favor geographical expansion, that is an external rather than internal spatial fix to feudal crisis. This external fix, beginning in the Atlantic world, had capitalist commodity production and exchange inscribed within it. Capitalism differed radically from feudalism. Where earlier ecological crises had been local, capitalism globalized them. From this standpoint, the origins of capitalism may shed light on todays ecological crices. Keywords: capitalism, feudalism, world-system, historical geography, metabolic rift

Myllyntaus, T. and Mattila, T., 'Decline or increase? The standing timber stock in Finland, 1800-1997', Ecological Economics, 2002 , 41(2), 271-288 pp. Abstract: Abstract: This paper focuses on examining the relationship between the consumption of timber and the growth of standing timber stock. The key research question is whether, during the past two centuries, Finland ever overused its forests to the extent that the annual felling exceeded the annual growth of timber. Keywords: forest history, standing timber stock, environmental history, Finland

Nordlund, Christer and Sörlin, Sverker, 'Modernising the Cultural Landscape', Nordisk museologi, 2002 , 10(1), 95-106 pp. Abstract: Abstract: This essay adress the connection between modernism and landscape, using Sweden as a case. The traditional interpretation of Swedish modernism includes analyses of literature, art, glass, arcitecture and so on. It is argued in this essay that this understanding of modernism is too limited to encompass the 20th century experience in Sweden. Swedish modernism, in an almost literal sense, also reached out into nature, modernising landscape and creating new infrastructures as an integrated part of the general aesthetic and welfare ideas connected with modernism. Keywords: landscape, modernism, natural heritage

Ojala, E. and Louekari, S., 'The merging of human activity and natural change: Temporal and spatial scales of ecological change in the Kokemaenjoki river delta, SW Finland', Landscape and Urban Planning, 2002 , 61(2), 83-98 pp. Abstract: Abstract: This article discuss how human activities have changed in the Kokemaenjoki river delta in the northern Baltic, SW Finland, and how these altered activities have influenced the formation structure and ecological dynamics of the delta. Vegetational changes during the last 100 years are used as a proxy of environmental change. Keywords: delta, environmental history, vegetation change

Oosthoek, K. J. W., 'Industrial Water Pollution in the Northern Netherlands 1850-1980', The Modern Demon. Pollution in Urban and Industrial European Societies., Clermont-Ferrand: Presses de lÙBP, 2002 , 179-194 pp. Keywords: industrial water pollution, Netherlands

Oosthoek, K. J. W., 'Themes in European woodland history', Australia's ever changing forests V. Proceedings of the fifth national conference on Australian forest history, Canberra: Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, 2002 Keywords: Forest history Europe, Scotland

Ortega, Santos Antonio, La tragedia de los cerramientos. Descarticulacion de la comunalidad en la Provincia de Granada, Valencia: Fundacion Institutio de Historia Social, 2002 Abstract: English Title: 'The tragedy of enclosures. Dislocation of Communality in the Province of Granda, Spain'. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. Keywords: Forest History, Mediterranean Ecosystems, Environmental Conflicts, Granada, Spain

Östlund, Lars and Turnlund, Erik, 'Floating Timber in Northern Sweden: The Construction of Floatways and Transformation of Rivers', Environment and History, 2002 , 8, 85-106 Abstract: The development of the export-oriented forest industry played a essential role in the industrialization of Sweden at the end of the nineteenth century. A very important factor was the available waterways: these could be used to transport the timber from inland forests to the sawmills on the coast. The aim of this study is to analyze the transformation of one river, Vindel?en, in boreal Sweden during 1820-1945 caused by the introduction of large scale floating of timber. The most prominent feature of this development was the exploitation of a landscape without any infrastructure. Production volumes and the scale of production within the forest industry changed radically from the midnineteenth century and transformed the landscape of both the forests and the rivers. The transformation of this natural watercourse by building different kinds of floatway structures and dramatically changing the flow of water can be divided into four characteristic periods: i) 1820-1850, ii) 1850
-1900, iii) 1900-1945, and iv) from 1945 to the end of the log driving era in Vindel?en in 1976. The many different activities and the lengthy time period have resulted in a fundamental transformation of the river and its ecological characteristics, and have therefore left an almost indelible imprint on the river Vindel?en. Keywords: Timber floating, Sweden, forest history, float ways, rivers

Palmieri, Walter, 'Le catastrofi rimosse: per una storia delle frane e delle alluvioni nel Mezzogiorno continentale', Meridiana. Rivista di storia e scienze sociali, 2002 , 44, 87-124 Abstract: English Title: 'Forgotten catastrophes: landslides and floods history in continental Southern Italy'.
Abstract: The territory of Southern Italy is particularly vulnerable. Its orohydrographical characteristics, the pluviometrical regime, and the distribution of population have always been cause of landslides and floods. However, this issue has been studied mainly by geologists and geographers. Historians have seldom contributed to the knowledge of these phenomena. This essay analyzes the problem of hydrogeological catastrophes from a historical point of view. This study, starting from the last result of the scientific works on this topic, underlines a new possible research path as well as first answers to the most relevant questions that this subject involves. The paper focuses on both the problematic and contradictory relationship between the hydrogeological disorder, from the past to the present. Keywords: landslides and floods history, southern Italy

Palmieri, Walter, 'Dalla geologia alla storia: note su frane e alluvioni nel Mezzogiorno ottocentesco', Quaderni Issm, 2002 , 4, 1-25 Abstract: English Title: 'From geology to history: notes on landslides and floods in Southern Italy during the nineteenth century'. Keywords: Southern Italy, landslides and floods, Nineteenth century

Palmieri, Walter & Armiero Marco, 'Boschi e rivoluzioni nel Mezzogiorno. La gestione, gli usi, le strategie di tutela dei ', Diboscamento montano e politiche territoriali. Alpi e Appennini dal Settecento al Duemila, Milano: Franco Angeli, 2002 , pp. 154-198 Keywords: forest, Southern Italy, Revolutions

Risberg, J, Karlsson, S., Hansson, A-M., Hedenström, A., Heimdahl, J., Miller, U., and Tingvall, C., 'Environmental Changes and Human Impact as Recorded in a Sediment Sequence Offshore from a Viking Age town, Birka, Southeastern Sweden', The Holocene, 2002 , 12(4), 445-458 pp. Abstract: Abstract: The Viking Age town of Birka, which existed between AD 750 and 975, on the island of Björköin the Mälar archipelago of the Baltic Sea, is known as the oldest centre used for largescale international trading in Sweden. Birka had a strong defence, town rampart, hillfort and a water palisade. Studies of lithology, and micro- and macroremains in a sedimentary sequence accumulated offshore from Birka, outside the water palisade, revealed a stratigraphically distint refuse stratum, referred to as the Birka Layer. In this article it is argued that the buld material of the Birka Layer emanates from human activities in the town, eg. latrine cleanings, cuttings of shore vegetation, cleaning of ditches and storage areas, and domestic animal dunge. In the Birka Layer and the underlying clay gyttja, there seems to be a succession of five activity phases recorded during the Birka period. After the initial establishment of the town, an expansion took place, followed by a retrogression. The most intense phase with culminating activities is registered prior to abandonment of the site, which approximately coincides with the onset of the extended final isolation process of Lake Mälaren. Keywords: offshore sediment, viking age, environmental history, plant macrofossils, late holocene

Robbins, Louise Enders, Elephant Slaves and Pampered Parrots: Exotic Animals and their meanings in Eighteenth-century France, Baltimore, Maryland: John Hopkins University Press, 2002 Abstract: Abstract: This book investigate the provenance, treatment, and fate of exotic animals living in Paris in the 1700s. Robbins points out that the show and wonder the Parisians reaped from monkeys and elephants, were based on an profound exploitation of the animals: their torturous importations from their native climes; their high mortality rates on the way to France (many died because of maltreatment, others simply became dinner); their minimally competent care if they still were intact upon arrival in Paris. Keywords: exotic animals, France

Sheail, John, An Environmental History of Twentieth-Century Britain, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002 Keywords: Great Britain - environmental policy, city planning, human ecology

Smout, T. C. ed., Understanding the Historical Landscape in its Environmental Setting, Dalkeith: Scottish Cultural Press, 2002 Abstract: Abstract: As concern for the countryside becomes ever more seerious, and agencies are faced with conflicting objectives, this book focuses on the problems of the cultural landscape as it exists in its environmental setting. It highlights specific concerns from different perspectives - that of archaeologist, the geographer, the countryside planner, the landowner and the farmer - examining the efforts these differing bodies are making to understand the environment. It also illustrates the ways in which each can enrich the other's understanding and management of the landscape. Keywords: landscape management

Sörlin, Sverker and Bravo, Michael eds., Narrating the Artic: A Cultural History of Nordic Scientific Practices, Canton, Mass.: Science History Publications, 2002 Abstract: Keywords: history of science

Sterckx, Roel, The Animal and the Daemon in Early China, Albany, NY: State Univ. of New York Press, 2002 Abstract: Abstract: This book examines perceptions of the animal world and natural environment in pre-Buddhist China. Through an analysis of hunting narratives, definitions of territory, animal classification and discussions of natural anomalies this study explores how Chinese perceptions of the natural world reflected on and shaped their views of the human world. Keywords: China, animals, perceptions of nature, hunting

Sundqvist, Göran, The Bedrock of Opinion: Science, Technology and Society in the Siting of High-level Nuclear Waste, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, 2002 Abstract: Abstract: The issue of nuclear waste is about managing some of the most dangerous material ever to exist. This has to be done safely, and in a way that remains safe for many thousands of years. To realize sage disposal, satisfying bedrock conditions are needed as well as as people willing to accept disposal in their own community. In most countries this kind of place has been difficult to locate. This bood is the first of its kind, reporting on a study which in detail analyses the highly controversial descisions on how to finally dispose nuclear waste in Sweden, a country considered a forerunner in nuclear waste management. The siting process is traced as are its connections both back in time and to the global community. Keywords: nuclear waste, Sweden

Sverdrup, H. and Stjernquist, I. ed., Developing Principles and Models for Sustainable Forestry in Sweden, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, 2002 Abstract: Abstract: In this book is summarized those management principles that should be valid in areas where forests continouosly are used for production, where biodiversity aspects are important as well as economy and productivity, and where demands on soil status and water quality are set. Especially the very long-term aspects are emphasized, and it its shown how system model thinking is used to reach the goals. The balance between social and recreational demands from the society and the economical needs of the landowner is of great concern. Experiences from a special area in South Sweden are presented. Keywords: forestry, forest management, sustainability

Szabo, Peter, 'Medieval Trees and Modern Ecology: How to Handle Written Sources', Medium Aevum Quotidianum, 2002 , 46, 7-25 Abstract: Abstract : The article examines perambulations (descriptions of boundaries) and the occurrance of trees therein in medieval Hungary. Based on a sample (over sixty perambulations in the ca. one thousand charters of the Chapter of Veszpr?m) it also tries to establish the amount of surviving medieval Hungarian perambulations. Results show that mentions of trees in these documents form a distinctive pattern with the dominance of oak. In consequence it is variations in this pattern that carry the most important information. Keywords: Middle Ages, Hungary, perambulations, tree management

Zeller, Thomas, Straße, Bahn, Panorama. Verkehrswege und Landschaftsveränderung in Deutschland 1930 bis 1990., Frankfurt am Main/New York: Campus, 2002 Keywords: Germany, roads, landscape history

Zon, Henk van, Geschiedenis en duurzame ontwikkeling. Duurzame ontwikkeling in historisch perspectief, enkele verkenningen, Nijmegen: University Centre for Environmental Sciences, 2002 Abstract: English title: 'History and sustainability. Sustainability in historical perspective, some explorations'.
Abstract: To what extent can historical research be helpful to gain greater insight into problems related to sustainability? Examples of sustainable and unsustainable behaviour in the past are supplied, and the question to what extent our ancestors were aware of the subject. Three main themes are elaborated: the exploitation of ores, raw materials and coal, the exploitation of the soil in terms of forestry and the effects of population growth. Keywords: sustainable development, history